Define Function of the Body

Function of the Body:

• The study of the normal changes and activities which go on in living beings is known as physiology.

• The body consists of distinct parts such as the heart, the lungs, kidneys, etc which carry on the special kinds of work.

• Such a distinct part is called an organ and its special work is called a'function.

• The essential functions of life such as respiration, circulation, digestion, excretion, etc., are carried on by a set of organs of closely related parts that form a system'.

•  (i.n.) The digestive system which includes the mouth, the gullet, the stomach, the liver, the pancreas and in testines.

• The Cells, which compose the tissues of the body, are continually undergoing changes and become worn out. Dying and being replaced.

• During its life a cell under goes change and gives off carbondioxide and other waste products and has to be supplied with food and oxygen.

• Furthermore, the various chemical substances that make the living body are continually.

• Being used up and have to be replaced by food and fluid taken into the body.

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Define Eye and Ear and Tongue

EYE and EAR and TONGUE
1.EYE: 
a) The eyes are situated in in the front of the skull sockets and are covered with folds of skin(the eyelids) from which the eyelashes project.

b) The inside of the eyelids and front of the eye are covered by a smooth membrane(conjunctiva) and are washed and kept moist by tear fluid.

c) Through the transparent part of the eye(cornea) can be seen a coloured circular diaphragm(the iris) with a round hole(the pupil).

d) The latter varies size with in the amount of light passing through it.

e) Behind the pupil is the lens of the eye which focuses rays of light on to the light-sensitive part of the eye(retina).

2.EAR:
The ear consists of three parts: 
a) The outer ear is that part which can be seen projecting from the side of the skull, together with the canal which leads to the eardrum.

b) The middle ear situated inside the skull, receives and transmits to the inner ear sound waves concerned in hearing. It also communicates with the back of the nose and throat by the Eustachian tube, which opens in swallowing.

c) The inner ear is embedded inside rhe skull and is concerned with the sense of balance in addition to the sense of hearing. The outer ear is separated from the middle ear by the eardrum.

3.TONGUE:
a) The tongue is the muscular organ which lies on the floor of the mouth.
b) It assists in the tasting, mastication and swallowing of food.
c) In an unconscious casualty on his back.
d) The tongue tends to obstruct the throat and prevent breathing.

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The trunks and it's contains

TRUNKS AND IT'S CONTAINS

• The Arched muscular partition(diaphgragm) divides the trunks into two cavities-the upper, the text (thorax) the lower (abdomen).
• The upper cavity is bounded front the breastbone, in by behind by the thoracic vertebra of the spine. 
• Below by the diaphragm. And is encircled by the ribs. It contains the heart. the lungs, major blood vessels and the gullet. 
• The lower cavity is bounded above by the diaphragm. 
• Below by the pelvis. Behind by the lumbar vertebrae and in front and at the sides by muscular walls.
• It contains several important organs--the liver. in the upper part of the abdomen covered mostly by the right lower ribs: the spleen. 
• covered by the ribs on the upper part of the left side: 
• The stomach, just below the diaphragm on the left side: the pancreas, behind the stomach the intestines. 
• Which occupy the greater part of the cavity: the kidneys. at the back in the region of the loins and the bladder.
• Which lies to the front of the pelvis Certain reproductive organs lie behind the bladder.

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The Tissue's and Ligaments

The Tissue's and Ligaments:

Ligaments:
Thickened portions of a joint capsule are called ligaments.
They check movements beyond normal permissible limits.
 If there is simple injury to the ligaments of the joints, it is called sprain.

Connective Tissue:
consists of yellow elastic and white fibrous tissue intermixed in varying proportions.
It is present in many parts of the body and forms a layer between the skin and under-lying flesh all over the body.
fat being contained between its meshes. often in large quantties. 
The chief use of connective tissue is to bind parts together The skin covers the whole of the body and protects the under-lying structures.
It consists of two layers. The outer or hard layer(cuticle) and the inner layer true skin or dermis).
In the latter are numerous glands which secrete sweat(consisting of water and impurities from the blood)
The evaporation of which from the surface of the skin cools it and helps to regulate the temperature of the body.

Tags: The Tissues, The ligaments, Connective tissue, Human Body, Dermis outer layer, Ligaments of the joints

The muscles and nerves

MUSCLES AND NERVES
1.MUSCLES:
The muscles to the layman mean flesh and are primarily meant to produce movement of the limbs and organs. There are broadly two types of muscles, viz.
Voluntary muscles which can cause movement under the dictates of will and involuntary muscles like those found in the heart which continues to work even without the dictates the will.

2.NERVES:
The muscles go into action called contraction by stimuli of nerves arising from brain or spinal cord carrying the damage to the nerves result in paralysis of the muscles just as cutting the wire between a battery and the Bulb, impedes the flow of electricity.

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The Bone foots and joints

THE FOOTS AND JOINTS
1. The foots:
These comprise 7 irregular bones-tarsus at the 'instep'. 
The largest, the heel bone and the uppermost forms the lower parts of the ankle joint.

2. The Joints:
Joints are the junction of two or more bones. These may be no movement as in skull or there may be free movements as in knee, elbow, shoulder and hip joints.
In movable joints, the ends of the bones are covered by cartilage and is overall again encased in capsule with some lubricant material inside the joint.

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The Pelvis and Lower limbs

The Pelvis and Lower limbs
1. Pelvis
           The two hip bones joined together from the pelvis. The pelvis forms a basin-shaped cavity which contains intestines, urinary bladder and reproductive organs. There are two sockets on either sides of the pelvis. Where the thing bone join, forming the Hip bone joint.
2. Lower limbs
            The femur or thing bone is the longest and strongest bone in the body. It's upper end forms a part of a knee cap (Patella) is a small bone over the front of the knee joint lying loosely in the muscles ligaments and under the skin.
        It's sharp edge can be felt immediately beneath the skin of the front of the leg. The fibula lies on the outer side of Tibia. It does not enter into a formation of the knee-joint but it's lower end forms the outer parts of the ankle-joint.

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The upper limbs and shoulder bone

The Ribs and Shoulder Bone(clavicle)

• The bones are the collar bone(clavicle) one on each side between upper part of the breast bone on the front and shoulder joint and the shoulder blade(scapula).
• The clavicle is a very brittle bone and is common site of fracture.
• It's function is top keep away the upper limb from the chest.
• One should each side in the upper and outer part on the back of the chest.
• The bones of upper limbs are:

1. Upper arm bone (humerus).
2. Forearm bones

These are two bones:

1. Radius (Outer side of forearm)
2. Ulna (Inner side of forearm)

• These are 8 carpal bones at the wrist and five metacarpal bones at the palm of the hand.
• These are three small bones in each finger called phalanges and 2 bones for each thumb.

Tags: Backbone function, breast bone, Ribs, shoulder bones, Clavicle, Humerus, Outer side of forearm,Inner side of forearm, Bones crack

The Ribs and Breast Bone (Sternum)

The Ribs and Breast Bone (Sternum)
There are twelve pairs of ribs which are attached to the corresponding
vertebrae at the back. The first seven pairs of these ribs are attached
to the breast bone in front, eighth, ninth and tenth ribs are attached to
the rib above and last two pairs of ribs, i.e. eleventh and twelfth, have
no attachment in front and are known as "floating ribs". The ribs and
breast bone are liable to be fractured in accidents due to either direct
or indirect causes. An injury of the rib should be taken seriously and
requires urgent hospitalisation.

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The backbone functions at human body

BACKBONE FUNCTIONS

It consist the thirty three small rounded small pieces of bones, each called a vertebra, placed one above the other:

7  in the Neck Region             (Cervical)
12in the Back Region              (Thoracic or dorsal)
5 in the waist  Region             (Lumbar)
5 in the Hip    Region              (Sacral)
4 in the Tail    Region              (Coccygial)
       In between each vertebra, there is a thick piece of cartilage, called "Disc" which allows movement as well as acts as a shock absorber. There is a central canel through which the spinal cord passes and carries nerve inpulses and  from the brain. 
       There is any injury. one vertebra may be displaced over another, thus the the cord is pressed or cut causing paralysis, due to interruption in the pathway of nerves Ths damage may occur immediately at the time of injury or may be caused by careless handling after the accident. 
        It is, therefore, extremely important to handle with care all persons who have suffered severe injury to their back or neck.

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SRTUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF THE HUMAN BODY

SRTUCTURE FUNCTIONS OF HUMAN BODY
   
        The structure of the supporting framework of the body on the consist of separate bones joint together by means of cartilage, Ligaments and Muscles.

The parts of skeletons are:
1. The skull
2. The black bone or spine
3. The ribs and breast bone
4. The upper limbs
5. The pelvis
6. The lower limbs bones

The skull:
The skull is skeleton of the hand and is made up for the following bones:
       Two Forming the roof of the mouth or the upper jaw. All these bones are joined together and from the skull contain the brain, and has bony provision for formation of eyes, ears and nose. It is rounded in shape and has an opening at the bottom through which the spinal cord enters enter the vertebral column. It's lower portion also forms the upper jaw. The lower jaw is the separate single bone which is attached to the skull and consist of one horizontal portion in the centre, and two vertical portion at these sides. The junction of the vertical and the horizontal portions is commonly referred to as the angle of the jaw.
       The jaw because this has be pressed forward in case on the unconscious victim to prevent the fall-back of the tongue which impedes the airway. When the blow on a head causes bleeding from a head vessels inside the closed box of brain, the blood is unable to escape and gets to collected and presses the brain tissue. This leads to headache, irritability, unconsciousness and may cause death. This dangerous consciousness and may cause death. This dangerous development makes it important to place all persons of head injury under care of medical supervision.

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Rule of First aid

FIRST AID RULES

The best advice to the First Aider is: "Make haste slowly."

• Reach the accident spot quickly, This will help to safe life.
• Be calm, methodical and quick. By doing so you can lessen the pain and the effects of the injuries which may safe life . Handling the casualty clumsily will only make the final recovery difficult.
• Look for the following:

1. Is there failure of breathing?
2. Is there serve bleeding?
3. Is the shock light or serve?
4. Attend to these and then treat easily observable injuries.
5. Start artificial respiration , if the casualty is not breathing is must begin at once as every second gained in helpful.
6. Stop bleeding by pressing on pressure point on press firmly on the bleeding area with a pad, and keep up pressing on the bleeding area for at least a few minutes by watch. Take help, if needed.
7. Treat for shock. Avoid handling the casualty unnecessarily.
8. Use the first aid equipment , If available: All passenger trains, some railway stations and buses, trains keep them.
9. Make use of the materials so obtained. One most occasions so stand first aid equipment will not available. You will have to depend on the material at hand and improvise them for your requirements.
10. Inspect the area. Take the casualty away from live waves, fallen walls beams, fire, broken gas chambers, moving machinery etc.

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How to make a First Aid treatment?

FIRST AID TREATMENT

        It is in treating the casualty that in the First Aider's Training will come into use. The first Aider should read his book again and again lest he forgets the principles of treatment. The main Ideas are:

• If the cause of accident is still there, remove it, eg., a live electric wire, pillars or logs on body, etc. Or remove the casualty from the danger, eg, a burning house, a room with poisonous gases etc.
• See that the casualty is comfortable, promote recovery and see that the condition does not becomes worse.
• The following conditions require the First aider's prompt attention: failure of breathing, stoppage of heart, serve bleeding and shock, poisoning, major burns, head injuries and fractures.
• Continue treatment until the doctor takes charge.The earlier doctor takes charge the greater the chances of recovery.
• First, takes the casualty to the nearest shelter. The best of course, it the hospital. Or it can be his house or the nearest clinic.
• The quickest means of transport should be made using of .A carefully wondered message to the relatives.
• As to his conditions and also to what place he is being taken, must be sent.Someone in the crowd well generally helps in this.
• It is of course the duty of police and they are most reliable.

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The scope of first aid

SCOPE OF FIRST AID

• The first aider should examine the casualty to know the details if injuries and their nature. This is known as Diagnosis.
• The diagnosis will give an ides of the treatment to be given until the doctors take charge.
• The next step to send the casualty to his house or to a hospital, as the case may be, in a suitable manner. This is known as deposital.

Diagnosis of a case is based on it's history, signs and symptoms.

1. History of the case is the story of the accident namely how the accident actually occurred, The casualty will give the history. If he is unconscious, someone who saw the accident will help. The abandoned scooter or a broken pillar near the place and it's condition.
2. Symptoms are what the casualty that the First-Aider like plan, shivering, faintness, etc. Pain described the casualty will that the first aider to the region of injury without waste of time.
3. Signs are what's the first aider feels and finds out of himself like paleness, swelling of parts injured, bleeding, deformity of the limbs etc. The first aider has undergone will help him make these observations correctly.

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The Aims of First Aid

The First Aid has three main aims :

1. To Preserve life
2. To promote recovery; and
3. To prevent worsening of the casualty's condition
4. Arrange transportation to hospital, ( if necessary )

First Aid is based on scientific medicine and Surgery ; it is skilled assistance. But the First Aider is not a doctor. After the doctor takes charge the First Aider's responsibility ends. He can then stand by to help the doctor.

The first Aider should observe carefully, think clearly and act quickly. He should be calm, cool and confident. He should not get excited. He should ask someone to call a doctor/inform hospital immediately giving some details of cases involved. While waiting for the doctor, he should give First Aid methodically.

What is First Aid ?

First Aid is the immediate treatment given to the victim of an accident or sudden illness, before medical help is obtained.